新工作新生活,幾乎沒時間桌遊了,這邊順便用來當作工作筆記吧。
2019年1月新出爐的101 guidance,稍微筆記一下。最近幾年101 rejection太火紅了,相關的審查基準不知道改了幾次,往後還是會繼續改下去吧。
這次的改變先做個summary。Step 2A進一步包括以下兩個概念:
1. Abstract idea can be grouped as, e.g. mathematical concepts, certain methods of organizing human activity, and mental processes.
2. A patent claim or paten application claim that recites a judicial exception is not directed to the judicial exception if the judicial exception is integrated into a practical application of the judicial exception.
先看目前的MPEP審查流程圖
今年這份新的guidance主要是修改step 2A,把step 2A拆成兩個步驟。至於step 2B,在2019年1月的這份文件中沒有改變,仍是依循2018年4月的USPTO Memorandum。
過去的實務答辯經驗,也曾經有試著在step 2A這邊爭取過,成效還算可以,而現在官方更明確地說出step 2A的審查流程,即使我看起來仍是有點抽象,但我覺得對申請人來說是好事。
在step 2A,會判斷是否屬於judicial exception,即包括law of nature, natural phenomenon, abstract idea。前兩項的判斷沒變,這份文件是特別針對 "abstract idea" 做分類,以利於申請人知道哪些東西會被USPTO認為是屬於abstract idea。這是官方根據過去這些年法院的判決所整理出來的結果。
Step 2A的第一步驟,判斷是否屬於目前界定的abstract idea類別,這些類別包括 (a) mathematical concepts (數學關係、數學公式), (b) certain methods of organizing human activity (基本經濟原理、商業往來、法務往來、管理人際活動,包括合約、廣告、行銷活動、社交活動、教學、規則), (c) mental processes (人類心智,包括觀察、評估、判斷、意見)。
若是在第一步驟,判斷不屬於界定的這些類別,則就不屬於abstract idea,故可以成功克服101 rejection,分析結束。反之,若判斷屬於這些類別,(或者在某些少數情況,USPTO認為claim雖不屬於這些類別,但仍是屬於abstract idea),則要進一步走到step 2A的第二步驟。
Step 2A的第二步驟,判斷究竟是「原理本身」,還是「將原理整合至實際應用」。用中文翻可能不太精確,還是盡量用英文好了,這個步驟就是判斷 whether the recited judicial exception is integrated into a practical application of that exception。
這個敘述可能稍微有點抽象,文件裡面又進一步說明這個integration into practical的概念如下: A claim that integrates a judicial exception into a practical application will apply, rely on, or use the judicial exception in a manner that imposes a meaningful limit on the judicial exception, such that the claim is more than a drafting effort designed to monopolize the judicial exception.
上面這段文字應該就是在答辯時可以有效運用的段落,這邊的概念我覺得也與之前看到的判例有點像,先前有個關於101的判例有提到claim不應該preempt一個領域,我想這個preemption與今年這份文件的monopolize應該是類似概念吧。
Step 2A的第二步驟判斷結果可能如下:若the exception is so integrated (step 2A: NO),則具有適格性,結束分析;反之,若是認為additional elements do not integrate the exception into a practical application,則屬於judicial exception (step 2A: YES),就必須再進行step 2B分析,亦即inventive concept判斷,此處就不贅述。
也就是說,此次修改的guidance,將過往一部分在step 2B做的事情,提前放到step 2A來做。而在進行step 2A分析時,審查委員應該排除考慮whether the additional elements represent well-understood, routine, conventional activity,這是應該在step 2B考慮的事情。
為了幫助申請人判斷,這份文件列出一些例示性情況,怎樣算是正向指示有integrated into practical application,怎樣又算是反向指示,我覺得這邊列示的這幾點在答辯時是非常好的參考依據,為可使用的句子。
正向指示: (OA答辯時可參考使用)
(1) An additional element reflects an improvement in the functioning of a computer, or an imporvement to other technology or technical field.
(2) An additional element that applies or uses a judicial exception to effect a particular treatment or prophylaxis for a disease or medical condiiton.
(3) An additional element implements a judicial exception with, or uses a judicial exception in conjunction with, a particular machine or manufacture that is integral to the claim.
(4) An additional element effects a transformation or reduction of a particular article to a different state or thing.
(5) An additional element applies or uses the judicial exception in some other meaningful way beyond generally linking the use of the judicial exception to a particular technological environment, such that the claim as a whole is more than a drafting effort designed to monopolize the exception.
反向指示: (新案撰稿時應避免)
(1) An additional element merely recites the words "apply it" (or an equivalent) with the judicial exception, or merely includes instructions to implement an abstract idea on a computer, or merely uses a computer as a tool to perform an abstract idea.
(2) An additional element adds insignificant extra-solution activity to the judicial exception.
(3) An additional element does no more than generally link the use of a judicial exception to a particular technological environment or field of use.
這篇guidance主要在談step 2A的改變。但還是要提一下,有可能在step 2A失敗了,但在step 2B成功克服的情況。文中的例子提到,在step 2A認定額外元件為insignificant extra-solution activity (例如數學等式的資料收集步驟),即上述的反向指示(2),此時會進入step 2B判斷是否有inventive concept,若是在step 2B的重新評估,認定這個額外元件為非傳統的 (例如資料收集步驟為非傳統方法),具有inventive concept,則依然是符合101,為可適格標的。
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